Injectable hydrogels have been used as biomaterial implants without the need for surgery. ![]() Biomaterials that can be introduced in a minimally invasive manner are thus of interest in many therapeutic applications. The clinical implantation of prefabricated biomaterials for these purposes typically requires trained physicians, causes patient distress, creates potential scarring, poses a risk of infection, and often causes inflammation at the surgical site that may inhibit the performance of the implant. Implantable biomaterials have been proposed to locally deliver or recruit cells, or provide sustained release of therapeutic molecules for applications such as tissue engineering, drug delivery, gene therapy, and vaccines. These findings suggest that gelatin cryogels could serve as a cell-responsive platform for biomaterial-based therapy. Controlled release of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor from gelatin cryogels resulted in complete infiltration of the scaffold by immune cells and promoted matrix metalloproteinase production leading to cell-mediated degradation of the cryogel matrix. Prefabricated gelatin cryogels rapidly reassumed their original shape when injected subcutaneously into mice and elicited only a minor host response following injection. ![]() These scaffolds supported attachment, proliferation, and survival of cells in vitro and could be degraded by recombinant matrix metalloproteinase-2 and -9. In this study, we created cell-adhesive and degradable gelatin scaffolds that could be injected through a conventional needle while maintaining a predefined geometry and architecture. The performance of biomaterials-based therapies can be hindered by complications associated with surgical implant, motivating the development of materials systems that allow minimally invasive introduction into the host.
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